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2013 events Embracing the Future The Science of Humanity

Great North Festival Debates
April - November 2013

As part of our fifteenth anniversary programme The Great Debate is co-organising an eight month series of debates throughout the region in partnership with The Great North Festival.

Embracing the Future
Saturday, Apr 13^th, The Collingwood Room, Newcastle Civic Centre

10:00am: Visions for the Future of the North East
The North East has a unique and remarkable past, notably as a hotbed of innovation from the Industrial Revolution to the end of the 20th Century. Today, much of the industry of the past has gone and unemployment is unacceptably high. However, there is still much to celebrate: Education in the North East is second to none, expertise is varied, new industries are being attracted to the region and our famous hospitable culture brings visitors from far and wide. So, what does the future hold for the region? How can we capitalise on our strengths? Speakers include:
Catherine McKinnell, MP for Newcastle North
Musa Hassan Ali, West End Refugee Service
Chair: Caspar Hewett

11:45am: Great North East Youth
Given the proud history of the North East how can we ensure that the twenty first century is also marked by greatness? Young people have to play a key part the region’s future, so what does inspire young people today? Where should we be looking and what should we be doing now to ensure that the future of the region is better than the present? Speakers include:
Paul Frew, Chair, Newcastle Student Union Debating Society
Hannah Underwood, Chief Executive, KeyFund
Chair: Lucy Probert

The Science of Humanity
North East Centre for Lifelong Learning
Wednesday evenings from 23rd January - 6th March
Introduced by Caspar Hewett

How successful have the natural and social sciences been at telling us about what we are? This course examined the benefits and shortfalls of applying the methods of the natural sciences to the study of humanity, through a critical look at the historical development of such theories from Darwin and Comte to the claims of evolutionary psychology, neuroscience and genetics. More ...

1 The view of humanity up to and including the scientific revolution
2 The birth of the social sciences - Condorcet, Saint Simon and Comte
3 and we were never the same again ... how Darwin placed humanity in nature once and for all and how the Social Darwinists interpreted the theory of natural selection
4 The foundations of sociology - Marx, Durkheim and Weber
5 The rise of the new determinism - interrogating the claims of genetics, Evolutionary Psychology and neurobiology
6 Three humanists of the modern era - Bronowski, Malik and Tallis
7 Conclusions - where are we now?

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2010   2011   2012

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2012

2012 events Whatever Happened to Equality? The Great Infrastructure Debate The Challenges of Sustainable Transport

Whatever Happened to Equality?
Saturday, 10th November 2012
Newcastle University

Sponsored by Economic and Social Research Council and Newcastle Institute for Social Renewal

A day of active debate and documentary-making held as part of ESRC Festival of Social Science. The event took a critical look at how the ideal of equality has been eroded in recent times, becoming replaced by notions of equity and the celebration of difference. More ...

The Great Infrastructure Debate

8:00 - 10:30am, Thursday, 26^th April 2012
Devonshire Building, Newcastle University

Part of the Sustained Engagement project funded by Royal Academy of Engineering.

Is the North East's Infrastructure fit for purpose? What infrastructure do we need for the region to develop to its potential over the next thirty years? A group of engineers presented their answers to these questions and discussed and adapted their proposals in collaboration with the audience. The event used the Crowd Wise process to seek a consensus with all participants having a say. Click here for full details, outcomes, discussion and video.

The Challenges of Sustainable Transport

Wednesday, 14^th March 2012
Newcastle Business School & School of Law Building
Northumbria University

Part of the Sustained Engagement project funded by Royal Academy of Engineering.

What should we prioritise to manage personal mobility effectively in Tyne and Wear over the next twenty years? A group of engineers presented their answers to this question and discussed and adapted their proposals in collaboration with the audience. The event used the Crowd Wise process to seek a consensus with all participants having a say. Click here for full details.

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2011

2011 events The Future of Energy for the North East Sylvia Pankhurst: Everything is Possible Newcastle University Year of Sustainability school debate competition The Great Debate: Facing the Future Visions for the Future of the City Basic Sanitation (Saneamento Básico, o filme)

The Future of Energy for the North East
Monday 12^th December 2011
Room 1.11, Drummond Building, Newcastle University

Part of the Sustained Engagement project funded by Royal Academy of Engineering.

How will the North East of England meet its energy needs in 30 years time?

What mix of energy sources should we be aiming to use in thirty years? Should the region be a net exporter of energy? Should we shift to community generation? Reduce our reliance on imported energy? Phase out nuclear and/or gas powered electricity generation? Reduce demand through dynamic pricing? Which renewable technologies should get the most investment? A group of engineers presented their thoughts on these questions, discussed and adapted their ideas with a public audience using new economics foundation's Crowd Wise method. More ...

Sylvia Pankhurst: Everything is Possible
7:30pm, Thursday 1^st December 2011
Star and Shadow cinema

Film screening followed by discussion with the film-makers. In feature length essay form, Sylvia Pankhurst: Everything is Possible traces the ideas, campaigns and political life of the suffragette and revolutionary Sylvia Pankhurst. The film is packed with facts from primary sources, rare images from museums and archives, interviews with historians and compelling testimony from Sylvia’s son Richard Pankhurst and his wife Rita. More ...
Tickets £5 / £3.50 concessions / £2 for school students

Newcastle University Year of Sustainability school debate competition
Monday 14^th November 2011

The Great Debate was delighted to host a one-day debating competition for schools hosted by Newcastle University. Four schools battled it out in front of expert judges for the title of The Great Debate Champion School 2011. The event was part of a series of activities taking place throughout 2011 to celebrate Newcastle University's world-leading work on sustainability (see Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability) and was organised in collaboration with RCE North East. More ...

The Great Debate: Facing the Future
Saturday 5^th November 2011
Devonshire Building (map), Newcastle University

FREE day of argument and documentary-making. The day includes active debates open to all on population and the limits to social and technical engineering and a film-training workshop for young people. Speakers include Ian Abley, architect and director of audacity; Barry K Gills, Professor of Global Politics, Newcastle University; Patrick Hayes, political commentator, Spiked Online; Sandy Irvine, Chair, Newcastle Green Party; Roger Martin, Chair, Population Matters; and Ludi Simpson, Professor of Population Studies, Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (CCSR). More ...

Visions for the Future of the City
Saturday 22^nd October 2011
Newcastle University

What should Newcastle upon Tyne look like in 2050?

Videos (click here)

Newcastle has changed beyond all recognition over the last 40 years and is still changing fast. In 2010 Forum for the Future ranked Newcastle as the most sustainable of the UK's twenty largest cities for the second year running (see Sustainable Cities Index). Is this an accolade we should attempt to retain? What can we do to ensure that Newcastle is better in 2050 than it is today? Come along and join in the discussion! With Special Guest Chi Onwurah, MP for Newcastle Central. More ...

Basic Sanitation (Saneamento Básico, o filme)

7.30pm, Wednesday, 6th July
Star and Shadow Cinema
Stepney Bank, Newcastle Upon Tyne
Tickets £5 /£3.50

Celebrated Brazilian director Jorge Furtado turns his innovative filmmaking approach to the story of a town who need to build a new sewer. Whilst there is no state money for a new drain there is funding available to make an educational film. A young couple do some creative budgeting, planning to have enough money to make a low-budget film and a new sewer. Superbly acted, this is an upbeat and comic look at social activism and how government funding, or lack of it, can shape communities.

Starring Fernanda Torres, Wagner Moura, Camila Pitanga, Bruno Garcia, Lázaro Ramos, Tonico Pereira and Paulo José.

Brazil 2007 Dir. Jorge Furtado
Certificate BBFC 12A. Length: 112 min.
In Portuguese with English subtitles

Showing as part of RCE North East 2011 programme of events in partnership with Newcastle University and Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability.

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2010

2010 events Head to Head: Economic Growth: Bane or Boon? The Great Debate Green Phoenix festival programme The Great Debate @ Cheltenham Science Festival Getting Real About Energy Getting Real About Climate Change The Great Debate: Humans in a Changing Climate The Climate e-mail Row: What does it tell us about science? It's the end of the world as we know it (and I feel fine): Why environmentalism has failed and what comes next Children and Cities

The Great Debate Head to Head
with Jonathon Porritt and Daniel Ben-Ami
Economic Growth: Bane or Boon?
7pm, Tuesday, 19 October 2010
Gallery North, University of Northumbria
(Gallery North is located in Squires Building directly opposite the Sandyford Road entrance to Newcastle Civic Centre)

Is economic growth a good thing? Until the 1970s few would have even thought of asking this question. Yet today the West is often seen as guilty of overconsumption, while the rapid growth of developing countries such as China and India is seen by many in a highly negative light. People who champion growth are accused of encouraging greed, damaging the environment and widening social inequalities. Daniel Ben-Ami, in his new book Ferraris for all, challenges these notions, arguing that society as a whole benefits from greater affluence and that we should celebrate growth. Renowned environmentalist and writer Jonathon Porritt disagrees and took up the arguments ... View Video
Chair: Caspar Hewett, Director, The Great Debate

The Great Debate Green Phoenix festival programme
Devonshire Building, Newcastle University
20 - 22 August 2010

The Great Debate and RCE North East presented a packed weekend of talks and discussion with activists, writers, academics and practitioners exploring a broad range of topics related to four themes: Securing our Future, Sustainable Culture, Being Human in the 21st Century and Pushing Limits including debates on:

What is Sustainable Culture?;
Are we masters of our own destiny?;
The Borders of Reality;
Food and Water Security;
Limits to Growth in 21st Century;
Energising Innovation;
Limits to Freedom;
The Legacy of Multiculturalism;
Limits to Imagination;                                 Full details

Cheltenham Science Festival

Carbon Trading
12:15 - 1:15pm, Thursday 10 June 2010
Could carbon trading be the solution for cutting emissions? The idea is that a cap on total emissions is set and reduced each year. High polluters must either reduce emissions or buy credits from low-carbon businesses, which use the extra income to make their greener technology more financially viable. But how can we reliably measure emissions and can it really work? Caspar Hewett discusses the issues with Mark Maslin, Director of the UCL Environment Institute, and Tony Grayling from the Environment Agency.

Global Water Security
4 - 5pm, Thursday 10 June 2010
Water security is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity. More than one third of the world’s population now lives in water-stressed areas, and in the fight for this precious commodity, regional ‘water wars’ are threatening stability. Engineer Roger Falconer, geographer Richard Taylor and governance specialist Sue Cavill discuss with Caspar Hewett, Director of The Great Debate, how the planet’s plentiful supply of water can be fairly distributed.

2030: Engineering Our Climate
6 - 7.15pm, Thursday 10th June
Imagine it is 2030. Regrettably, global carbon emissions targets have been missed and geoengineering techniques – to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or to block the Sun’s energy – may be the only option to prevent global temperatures from rising. Can you decide the way forward? Caspar Hewett guides you through the expert advice from engineer Stephen Salter, biogeochemist Richard Lampitt, and Professor of International Law Catherine Redgwell.

Members book group: Robert Winston
4 - 5pm, Friday 11 June 2010
Exclusive event for Cheltenham Festival members. Share your views in a discussion of Bad Ideas?, exploring its themes of human creative endeavour and uninentional consequences, with the author Robert Winston. Facilitated by The Great Debate director, Caspar Hewett.

The Great Debate@EGU
Getting Real About Energy
in association with RCE North East
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2010
3:30pm, Thursday 6^th May 2010
Vienna, Austria
Convened by Caspar Hewett, Paul Quinn and Mark Wilkinson

In the context of climate change the discussion of energy provision is focused increasingly on renewables, but how realistic a proposition is it for renewables to provide the energy we need? Nuclear is touted by many as an alternative, yet the problem of waste is far from being solved. So when and how are we to come up with a rational energy policy for the next fifty years? What are the real issues and how do we overcome the barriers we face today?
Chair: Dr Paul Quinn, Newcastle University
Speakers:
Dermot Roddy, Science City Professor of Energy, Newcastle upon Tyne, Director, Sir Joseph Swan Institute for Energy Research;
Hervé Coutrix, Vice President Geosciences Structural and Sedimentological studies, TOTAL;
Niel Bowerman, co-founder and former Executive Director, Climatico, co-founder, The Climate Justice Project

Video of proceedings

The Great Debate and North East Centre for Lifelong Learning present
The Great Debate: Humans in a Changing Climate
Getting Real About Climate Change
in association with RCE North East
Saturday, 20^th March 2010, Newcastle University
Sponsored by
Economic and Social Research Council

One day workshop on the theme of how humanity should respond to climate change. This exciting day included active debates open to all and a video-making workshop for young people with a thirst for cutting edge documentaries. Getting Real About Climate Change encouraged participants to take a critical look at the current discussions surrounding the feasibility of geoengineering, the effects climate change on food and water security and energy generation, and contribute to a video of the day's proceedings. Our young participants had the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in film-making, working both behind and in front of the camera. More ...
Speakers included Tony Allan, Stockholm Water Prize Laureate 2008, founder of London University's Water Issues Group; Greg Bankoff, environmental historian, University of Hull, Jennie Barron, research fellow in water management at Stockholm Environment Institute; Julia Brown, lecturer in Environmental Policy, Planning and Management, University of Portsmouth; Ben Campbell, social anthropologist, Durham University; Steve Caseley, Director of Distributed Energy, New and Renewable Energy Centre; Tim Foxon, academic research fellow at Sustainability Research Institute, Leeds; Joanna Haigh, professor of atmospheric physics, Imperial College, contributor to the recent Royal Society report, Geoengineering the climate; Phil Macnaghten, founding Director of Institute of Hazard and Risk Research, Durham University; Rob Williams, Renewables Projects Director, Banks Developments.

Full details

The Great Debate: Humans in a Changing Climate
in association with North East Centre for Lifelong Learning
Five Thursdays from 4th February 2010
Part of the Explore programme

The world we live in today is one that is rapidly changing. A major element of this is the almost universally accepted global increase in temperature. How reliable is our understanding of the future climate if we are to plan for the future? This short discussion-based course will look at the history of climate modelling, ask what we can and cannot deduce from current models and reflect on what that means for people today and in the future. The issues raised by climate change will be examined through discussions on water resources, food and energy production. The ramifications of the recent interest in geoengineering – controlling the climate through intentional manipulation - will be explored. The programme will consist of five sessions each with an introduction followed by discussion.
Week 1 (4 Feb): Introduction by Dr Caspar Hewett. How the media treat climate change issues. How can we read between the lines?
Week 2 (11 Feb): Dr Stephen Blenkinsop, Newcastle University, tells us about what climate change can and cannot tell us.
Week 3 (18 Feb): Dr Richard Dawson, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, talks about the challenges of adapting cities to address a changing climate.
Week 4 (25 Feb): Dr Annie Borland, Moorbank Botanical Garden, on what the biological sciences can do for us.
Week 5 (4 March): Review with Caspar Hewett

The Climate e-mail Row: What does it tell us about science?
12:30, Wednesday 24 February
Newcastle Arts Centre
Westgate Road

Controversy and recriminations surround the ‘hacking’ of emails relating to climate change research. But what the does the political and public reaction tell us about our society thinks science does and ought to work? Introduced by Caspar Hewett. Part of the Explore programme Lunchtime Perspectives: Behind the News series

'It's the end of the world as we know it (and I feel fine): Why environmentalism has failed and what comes next.'
Paul Kingsnorth
5.30pm, 22^nd February 2010
Beehive, Room 2.21. Newcastle University.

Paul Kingsnorth, author, One No, Many Yeses, Real England, has been a peace observer in Mexico, a floor-sweeper in McDonalds and a history student at Oxford University. He was arrested during the Twyford Down road protests in the 1990s and was named one of Britain's 'top ten troublemakers' by New Statesman in 2001. He has worked on the comment desk of The Independent, as commissioning editor for opendemocracy.net and as deputy editor of The Ecologist. He is also an award-winning poet, and an honorary member of the Lani tribe of New Guinea.

At this seminar Paul presented a version of his contribution to the book What is Radical Politics Today? edited by Jonathan Pugh of Newcastle University, and published in November 2009 by Palgrave-Macmillan.

This event is linked to the Space of Democracy and the Democracy of Space network.

For further information e-mail Jonathan Pugh

Children and Cities
Ken Worpole
5.30pm, 1^st February 2010
Beehive, Room 2.21. Newcastle University.

After the Second World War, architects, planners and politicians across Europe privileged the role of the child in the city. Yet today one or more children on the street is considered a social problem in the making. How did we get to this impasse and how can we get out of it?

At this seminar Ken Worpole was presenting a version of his contribution to the book What is Radical Politics Today? edited by Jonathan Pugh of Newcastle University, and published in November 2009 by Palgrave-Macmillan.

This event is linked to the Space of Democracy and the Democracy of Space network.

For further information contact Jonathan Pugh

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2009

Water, Water Everywhere? June 5^th
Don’t Shout at the Telly, Change What's on it!, March 14^th
The “Credit Crunch”: Consequences for UK Households, March 11^th

Water, Water Everywhere?
6:30 pm, Friday 5^th June 2009
Cheltenham Town Hall
Part of Cheltenham Science Festival

Some argue there is no excuse for water shortages in a water-rich nation like Britain, and that we should build ambitious new infrastructures such as a ‘national grid’ for water. Others think we should be curbing demand to minimise our impact on the environment. Water engineer and chair of The Great Debate, Caspar Hewett and Bruce Horton, environmental adviser for Water UK, join Trevor Bishop from the Environment Agency and Jonathon Porritt to discuss the future of hydrating the nation.

present
Don’t Shout at the Telly, Change What's on it!
Saturday, 14 March 2009
Newcastle University

One day workshop organised by The Great Debate and WORLDwrite focussing on documentary making, the role of the media, and environmental issues. This exciting day will engage with topics through film showings, discussion and a news-making workshop: Thought provoking debates will interrogate inconvenient untruths about climate change, explore the influence of the media, and examine activism in the noughties.
With:
Hilaire Agnama, Teesside One World Centre
Paul Chatterton, Leeds University
Ceri Dingle - Director of WORLDwrite and Chew on it Productions
Caspar Hewett, environmental consultant, Chair of The Great Debate
Alex Lockwood, Sunderland University
Kate Manzo, Newcastle University
Alison Neilson, author Disrupting Privilige, Identity, and Meaning: A Reflective Dance of Environmental Education
Viv Regan, Assistant Director, Producer, WORLDwrite
Nathalie Rothschild, commissioning editor, spiked-online

Click here for full details

Part of The Great Debate schools programme

Chaired by Dr Paul Langley, Northumbria University, this event will feature a series of short contributions from recognized experts in the field: Professor Susan Smith, Durham University; Professor Mark Stephens, University of Glasgow; and Dr Lavinia Mitton, University of Kent.

For further details please visit The “Credit Crunch” debate.
Event convened by Oliver Moss.

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Authority, Respect & Human Potential Developing World Challenges Progress of the Human Mind: From Enlightenment to Postmodernism Sustainable Energy Debate Selfish Genes, Sex, and Sanity Information-processing in Robotics, Biology and Philosophy Darwinian Thought and Theories of Human Nature The Great Debate @ Battle of Ideas What is radical politics today?

Part of the Newcastle University
public lecture series

Convened by Jonathan Pugh

Speakers:
Will Hutton, Chief Executive of The Work Foundation
Professor Lord Giddens, Member of the House of Lords

What is the nature of radical politics today?
How should we describe its character?
What is thought of as radical politics at this moment?
What is not? Why?

This debate is part of the What is radical politics today? project. The project explores the nature and character of radical politics today, examines what it means to be engaged in radical politics and explores how radical politics works to shape and frame what we think of ourselves, issues and debates. Initiated and directed by Jonathan Pugh, and including fifty of the worlds leading commentators, the ongoing project is aiming to develop a sense and feeling about the present nature and character of radical politics. Click here for further details.

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Flush it!
A film première hosted by
WORLDwrite and The Great Debate
Royal College of Art, London
2^nd November 2008

Flush it! is a documentary aiming to put aspirations for Western levels of water provision and sanitation on the map for developing countries. The film interweaves concerns about local water shortages, global water scarcity and toilet history with aspirations for grand projects and excellent loos. Eritrean refugee Tiba is at the centre of the film. Pontificating from her own bath full of bubbles Tiba considers everything from depleted aquifers to desalination to Livingstone’s plea not to flush. Tiba’s wet dream informs us pit latrines stink, while experts help flush the crap and remind us that water can never run out.

The documentary includes witness testimony from Dr Caspar Hewett, researcher in water resources; James Woudhuysen, Professor of Forecasting and Innovation at De Montfort University; Angela Lee, Exhibition Curator, Gladstone Toilet Museum; Terry Woolliscroft, Customer Manager, Twyford Bathrooms; James Heartfield, writer and lecturer; Robin Oakley, Senior Climate Campaigner, Greenpeace UK; Tony Rachwal, Thames Water Research & Development Director

The film’s première was followed by a question and answer session with Dr Caspar Hewett, Chair of The Great Debate and Viv Regan, the film’s producer.

Click here for full details of this session and the Battle of Ideas 2008
Click here for Flush it! website

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Darwinism or Darwinitis?
Key note speech by Raymond Tallis author The Hand: A Philosophical Enquiry into Human Being
Chair: David O'Toole, The Great Debate
Darwinism without Darwinitis: text of talk with slides

The Great Human Nature Debate
For centuries philosophers and scientists have been trying to define what constitutes human nature, yet this area of knowledge remains highly contested. Some think that agency, the capacity to make choices and moral judgements, and to act on them, lies at the heart of being human. For others it is our consciousness of our selves that is the defining factor. Others still claim that free will, agency and consciousness are illusions that are accidents of brain function. So, is there a universal human nature? If so, what do we all have in common? What makes us different from animals? Do the defining factors even exist?
Speakers:
Rita Carter, author Mapping the Mind, Conciousness
Caspar Hewett, Director, The Great Debate
Thomas Pink, author The Psychology of Freedom, Free Will: A Very Short Introduction
Chair: Kevin Yuill, Sunderland University

What can science tell us about human nature?
Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have resulted in new ways of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in terms of brain function? Can we understand modern human behaviour in terms of our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the right place to start if we want to understand human nature?
Speakers:
Igor Aleksander, author The World in My Mind, How to Build a Mind
Bruce Charlton, author Psychiatry and the Human Condition
Kenan Malik, author Man, Beast and Zombie
Chair: Pauline Hadaway, Director, Belfast Exposed

Come along, hear the arguments and have your say

Click here for full details

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What can computer science tell us about what biological systems do and how they do it? Is it possible to replicate or model those chemical information-processing functions in digital electronic computing systems? What are the implications of recent developments in computer science and software engineering in understanding the nature of causality? Aaron Sloman, author of Computer Revolution in Philosophy: Philosophy, Science and Models of Mind delves into the world of connections between ideas developed in computer science, biology and philosophy, providing new insights into some fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness and free will.

Come along, hear the arguments and have your say

Speaker: Aaron Sloman, University of Birmingham
Chair: Aidan Burton, Newcastle University
Click here for full details

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Related links:
Selfish genes, sex, and sanity: Christopher Badcock outlines a new theory that resolves some long-standing contradictions in explaining mental illness.
Selfish genes, sex, and sanity: Slides from talk on 14 October 2008

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The Great Sustainable Energy Debate 2008
in association with
North East Forum for Climate Change Research (NEFCC)
7.30pm, Tuesday, 7^th October 2008

Lecture Theatre CCE1-401 (TLT)
Newcastle Business School
University of Northumbria at Newcastle

Featuring:
Jim Skea, Research Director, UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)
Dermot Roddy, Sir Joseph Swan Institute for Energy Research
Kate Theobald, Sustainable Cities Research Institute

Chair: Professor Bob Evans

part of

In the context of both mounting anxiety over climate change and predictions that the worldwide peak of hydrocarbon production will occur before 2021, the North East is striving to become a global leader in the shift to a low-carbon energy economy. Such transitions typically span decades - energy infrastructure takes years to develop and new energy technologies are likely to take time to mature. So, what are the prospects of seeing a widespread transition to a sustainable energy economy? What are the barriers? What will be the main drivers of change? How might the UK’s energy mix evolve over the next 40 years? And what of demand management? What obligations do we have as citizen-consumers?

The Great Sustainable Energy Debate 2008 proceedings by Caspar Hewett

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One day workshop examining the changing nature of society’s understanding of the meaning of ‘progress’ and how it relates to the way that humanity is perceived today. Thinkers discussed included Condorcet, Kant, Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte and Michel Foucault. Click here for further details. Introduced by Caspar Hewett and David Large.

Notes

Sketch of Condorcet's Sketch by Caspar Hewett
Henri de Saint-Simon: The Great Synthesist by Caspar Hewett
Auguste Comte – High Priest of Positivism by Caspar Hewett
Prenotes by David Large
Summary and conclusions by Caspar Hewett

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Developing World Challenges
9am - 4pm, Saturday, 15 March 2008
Lindisfarne Room, King's Road Centre, Newcastle University
part of the North East Education for Sustainable Development Initiative

Sponsored by
Economic and Social Research Council and Newcastle University

One day workshop organised by The Great Debate and WORLDwrite. The workshop focused on two new documentaries: I'm A Subsistence Farmer... Get Me Out Of Here! and Keeping Africa Small.
Speakers
Ceri Dingle, Director of WORLDwrite and Chew on it Productions
Viv Regan, Producer, WORLDwrite and Chew on it Productions
Kim Tan, Campaigns Officer for Oxfam UK
Barry K.Gills, Professor of Global Politics, Newcastle University
John Gowing, Reader in Agricultural Water Management, Newcastle University
Bill Colwell, Atlantic Pictures
Hilaire Agnama, Development Education Worker

Click Here for full details

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Introduced by Dr Caspar Hewett

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The Great Debate continues to support the acclaimed debating competition for sixth form students

As part of The Great Debate schools programme we hope to involve more students in the region in public debate through our continued support of the Institute of Ideas' and Pfizer's Debating Matters Competition. Following its highly successful pilot year, the competition launched in the North East in 2005 and has continued to grow, attracting more and more schools in the region. This year's regional heats saw Durham Johnstone Comprehensive School (Durham), Ryton Comprehensive School (Ryton), St. Mary's Sixth Form College (Newcastle) and Whickham School (Whickham) make it through to the North East regional final which took place at Newcastle University on Monday 28 April 2008.

Debating Matters demands more than rhetoric or rant from the sixth form students who take part. Young people are encouraged to research issues thoroughly and become more confident and sophisticated in articulating their views by standing up to a probing intellectual examination. This is all part of the competition's philosophy of privileging reasoned participation over rhetorical posturing. Debate topics engage with contentious contemporary issues and uniquely involve a critical examination of debater's arguments by celebrity judges drawn from the fields of academia, the media and business.

The Great Debate's Caspar Hewett, Dave O'Toole, Jon Pugh and Mo Lovatt have been judges in the competition.

Click here for further details about the competition

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ESRC Festival of Social Science

The Great Land Use Debate
7 - 14 March 2008

The following on line debate may be of interest to vistors to The Great Debate web site: RELU Great Land Use Debate

What is our rural land for and what do we expect from it? Should farmers be diversifying into energy crops or concentrating on feeding the nation? And is it reasonable to expect them to be competitive food businesses as well as managers and guardians of wildlife and landscapes? When floods overwhelm urban areas should that just be a problem for the individuals and businesses affected? Or should country dwellers be prepared to sacrifice rural land for flood storage?

Everyone seems to want something different, but can rural land fulfil all of these expectations? What is our long term vision for land use in the UK and do we need an extension of the planning system from town into countryside in order to realise it?

The UK research councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use Programme invited contributions to a unique on-line debate during National Science and Engineering Week/Festival of Social Science 2008. The Programme’s land use policy analysts will be posed some key questions to draw in opinion from a wide range of contributors, see the RELU website.

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2007

The Great Debate: The New Politics of Climate Change
Part of The Space of Democracy and the Democracy of Space programme
Monday 25th June, 5.30pm
Bedson Teaching Centre, Newcastle University
Hosted by Dr Jonathan Pugh
Chair: Prof Phil Powrie, Dean of Research for the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Newcastle University
Speakers:
Prof Steve Rayner, Director of the James Martin Institute (University of Oxford); Director of the ESRC's ~£5m Science in Society Programme; Member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, the Oxford Commission on Sustainable Consumption and a lead author on the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Dr Joe Smith, School of Social Sciences (Open University); Director of the ESRC/NERC/BBC/NEF-sponsored Interdependence Day project
Prof Phil Macnaghten, Department of Geography (Durham University); Director of the Institute of Hazard and Risk Research (IHRR); Honorary Professor in the Institute for Advanced Studies at Lancaster University; Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and Senior Associate of Demos
Prof Jim Hall, Professor of Earth Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, advisor to the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, contributing author to Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

All Planned Out: The Worldwide Impact of the British Town and Country Planning System
The Building Centre, 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT
18-19 May 2007
Caspar Hewett chaired debates on Who is the town and the countryside for? and Where to for planning? and Jon Pugh chaired the debate on Finding the public in the British planning process at All Planned Out conference in London

The 3rd Workshop on Development, Sustainability and Environment
Sponsored by Economic and Social Research Council and Newcastle Science Festival
Saturday, 17^th March 2007, 9am-4pm
Newcastle University
At the opening of the 21st century concern for the environment influences policy throughout the world. Any discussion about resources is infused with the language of sustainability. What does this mean for the developed and developing worlds? Is our current pattern of water use sustainable? How are we going to generate sufficient electricity for our future needs? Is the sort of technology we take for granted in the West appropriate for the developing world?
Combining a workshop on Film training with a global edge, documentary footage from Africa and a series of discussions this one day workshop examined a series of issues related to Development, Sustainability and Environment through debates on three key themes:

Click Here for Proceedings of DSE3
Attendees included; Andrea Blatter

Bigging it up: The Great Megastructures Debate
Part of Newcastle Science Festival 2007
Thursday 15 March 2007
Discovery Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne

Public debate on what sort of structures we want to create in the 21st century.

Speakers
Ian Abley, project manager, audacity
John Thackara, design producer, Director of Doors of Perception
Dr Sean Wilkinson, Structural Engineer, Newcastle University

Proceedings of The Great Megastructures Debate

Reaching for the Sky review by Laura-Jay Turnbull

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The Great Debate: Reprogramming Life
sponsored by Atlantic Books
Wednesday 6^th December 2006
Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability
Devonshire Building
Newcastle University
Location Map

Chair Caspar Hewett

The stuff of science fiction is now with us. In 1994, after forty years of promises, scientists announced the coming of the world's first molecular computer. Since then millions have been invested in molecular computing and synthetic biology research. DNA, the code of life, now sits at the heart of experimental computers in labs around the world. Hybrid machines integrate living cells with silicon nanotubes and preparations are being made to create entirely new organisms, never seen before.
How can humanity benefit from this revolutionary new technology? What are the dangers? What are the ethical implications?

Speakers:
Martyn Amos, author Genesis Machines: The New Science of Biocomputing
Professor John Burn, Institute of Human Genetics

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To Build or Not to Build? The Great Housing Debate
sponsored by


7pm, Thursday 30^th November 2006
Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability
Newcastle University

Chair Caspar Hewett
There is a crisis in housing in the UK. Demand for housing far outstrips availability, fuelling ever increasing house prices. So where are we to go from here? What are the barriers to providing housing for all at the beginning of the 21st century? James Heartfield, author of Let’s Build, thinks it is time we committed to a huge building programme over the next decade, rejecting the scare stories about the environment, about suburbia and about social cohesion. How realistic is this? Come along, hear the arguments and have your say.

Speakers:
James Heartfield, author Let's Build: Why We Need Five Million New Homes in the Next Ten Years
Dr Zan Gunn, Lecturer in Town Planning, Newcastle University
Dominic Coupe, Campaign to Protect Rural England

Click here for proceedings

The Great Debate: Post-Territorial Governance and Anti-politics
Convened by Jon Pugh and Caspar Hewett
Friday 19^th May 2006
Newcastle University
Devonshire Building, G21/22

Chair: Jon Pugh
Bringing together leading academics from London, Newcastle and Lancaster, this debate will explore the nature of post-territorial governance in the modern era. Particular attention will be given to what have become known as ‘anti-political’ movements – those movements which are not accountable to territorial states; those movements which seek political influence through reference to global ethical principles, rather than through the accountability of mass party politics. What do such movements tell us about the nature of the political in the modern era? Are they a positive or negative development? And how are they reflective of what is being called a ‘de-territorialised’ era?

These and other questions will be the focus of the debate between:

Hartmut Behr (University of Newcastle),
Gideon Baker (University of Lancaster),
David Chandler (Centre for the Study of Democracy, Westminster),
Barry Gills (University of Newcastle)

The Great Debate: Politics of Fear
An Audience with Frank Furedi
Sponsored by Newcastle University
6.30pm, Monday 24^th April 2006
LG38, Bedson Teaching Centre
University of Newcastle upon Tyne Map

Do the terms "left" and "right" mean anything today?
Is it really satisfactory to reduce all our political debate to these two terms?
Professor Frank Furedi discusses his new book, Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right, arguing that contemporary and recent developments have created the need for a new conception of politics with an adequate conception of humanity - one that "remoralises" politics by taking humans seriously, recognises the centrality of morality and discussions of right and wrong, and utilises our imaginations. He proposes a new, and inevitably controversial, humanist politics to escape the trap of 20^th century political ideology.

Tutors: Caspar Hewett and Jon Pugh

Do humans really have a special place in nature?
What do the notions of progress and humanism have to offer us today?
This day school examined the development of ideas about the human potential and the changing notion of progress from the Scientific Revolution through to the present. The scientific method and its influence on the Enlightenment was discussed and the way that the notions of progress, equality and the centrality of humanity have changed over the centuries was explored through a study of key thinkers including Darwin and 'The Three Cs' - Copernicus, Condorcet and Comte. Modern schools of thought such as Postmodernism and how they relate to humanist ideas were discussed through a study of Derrida, Foucault and Deleuze.

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The Three Cs and the Notion of Progress: Copernicus, Condorcet, Comte by Caspar J M Hewett, Notes from the day school

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The Great Energy Debate
Part of Newcastle Science Festival 2006
In association with Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability
7:00 - 8:30 pm, Wednesday 15^th March 2006
Discovery Museum, Great Hall

Chair: Dave O'Toole

Why does the debate over how we should generate our power continue to divide opinion? The EU has set a target for renewable energy of 22 per cent by 2010 but moves to build wind farms continue to meet opposition in the UK. Germany is already the world's largest wind power producer but the news that the German parliament has approved plans to double the country’s 15000 turbines over the next 16 years has been met with angry protests. Increasingly there is a push, even from noted environmentalists, to expand the use of nuclear power to help meet targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. So what is the future of power generation?
with

Dr Graham Hillier, Director, Fuel Cell Applications Facility, Centre For Process Innovation
Sir Bernard Ingham, secretary to Supporters of Nuclear Energy (SONE)
Ian Lavery, National Union of Mineworkers National Chairman
Dr Keith Melton, Director of Technology, New and Renewable Energy Centre Ltd (NaREC)

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National Science Week 10-19 March 2006

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Galileo, Genetics and the Greens: Perspectives on Scientific Thought
From January 25^th 2006
Centre for Lifelong Learning, Newcastle upon Tyne
Introduced by Caspar Hewett

Ten week course exploring the development of ideas about our relationship with the natural world from the pre-Enlightenment to the crisis of belief in science towards the end of the 20th century and the rise of postmodernism and environmentalism.

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The Rise and Rise of Evolutionary Psychology
A Cafe Conversation at The Battle of Ideas
Royal College of Art, Kensington Gore, London SW7
Saturday 29^th October 2005

What lies behind the rise and rise of Evolutionary Psychology?
Does this reflect or inform the way we view ourselves?
One of the great triumphs of the late twentieth century was the application of Darwinian theory to animal behaviour. This led to many attempts to apply the same methods to human beings and to explain the human mind in evolutionary terms. In the 1970s sociobiologists attempted to explain human behaviour in terms of adaptation and were accused of being reactionary and racist. Yet since that period we have sociobiology's younger cousin Evolutionary Psychology has come to the fore. Evolutionary Psychology attempts to explain human nature exclusively in terms of evolved predispositions to behave in certain ways. How does this differ from sociobiology?

What are the implications of this approach? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Why has Evolutionary Psychology proved so popular when sociobiology was rejected so ambivalently?

Chair: Dave O'Toole
with Rita Carter, author Mapping the Mind, Conciousness and Caspar Hewett, The Great Debate

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Development, Sustainability and Environment
The Great Debate in association with WORLDwrite and the RSA
Saturday 15^th October 2005

In the last 20 years environmental thinking has become very much a part of our every day lives. The term 'sustainable development' has entered the mainstream and is used to guide policy in both the developed and developing world. Yet whilst we in the West enjoy a safe, clean, pleasant environment coupled with high living standards the developing world is being discouraged from aspiring to anything more than basic needs. So what is sustainable development and what are its consequences? What is current in environmental thought?
Combining a workshop on film training with a global edge, documentary footage from Africa and the Middle East and a series of discussions this day conference examined the relevance of environmentalism in the new millenium and questioned whether development to western standards is possible for the developing world.

Discussion sessions include Energy Futures, Aspirations and keynote debate sponsored by the RSA; What Future for Environmentalism?

Speakers include Sir Bernard Ingham, Keith Barnham, Ian Burdon, Ceri Dingle, Geoff Parkin, Roger Higman, Viv Regan and Tony Gilland

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The Nature of Being Human
The Great Debate in association with Newcastle Philosophy Society
Part of Newcastle Science Festival 2005
Friday 18^th March 2005, 7pm

What is that defines a human being? Is it a universal nature? Is it consciousness? Is it our capacity for rational thought? Is it our ecological ability to adapt our environment rather than adapt to it? Can we rely on reason alone? What can we learn about ourselves through the study of evolution? How do these considerations interrelate? Why is it so popular to apply Neo-Darwinist principles to human behaviour and to society?

These questions and others were examined through a discussion of what it is to be human with a panel of experts including Colin Talbot, author The Paradoxical Primate, Caspar Hewett, Chair, The Great Debate, Inge Rebergen, Historian and philosopher, Adam Bell, Kantian philosopher

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The Great Debate supports North East launch of acclaimed debating competition

The Great Debate hopes to involve more students in the region in public debate through its support of the Institute of Ideas' and Pfizer's Debating Matters Competition. Following its highly successful pilot year, the competition launched for the first time in the North East this year. The Great Debate was a partner in the North East region heat that took place at the University of Newcastle on Friday 18 March 2005.

Debating Matters demands more than rhetoric or rant from the sixth form students who take part. Young people are encouraged to research issues thoroughly and become more confident and sophisticated in articulating their views by standing up to a probing intellectual examination. This is all part of the competition's philosophy of privileging reasoned participation over rhetorical posturing. Debate topics engage with contentious contemporary issues and uniquely involve a critical examination of debater's arguments by celebrity judges drawn from the fields of academia, the media and business.

The debate motions for the North East region heat included: 'Victims should be more involved in the criminal justice system'; 'Conceptual art is not real art'; 'Reducing pollution should be society's top priority'; and 'Human genetic engineering is a step too far'.

The Great Debate's Caspar Hewett, Dave O'Toole and Mo Lovatt were judges for the North East region heat.

Click here for further details about the competition

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The Great Debate: Being Human
A one day course run as part of Newcastle Science Festival 2005
Introduced by Caspar Hewett and David Large
Saturday 12^th March 2005, 9.30am -5.00pm
Bedson Teaching Centre
University of Newcastle

Do our genes influence our conscious experiences? Do they explain them? Is the human mind something we can properly study? What can we learn about ourselves through the study of mind from the perspective of evolution? Since Darwin our vision of ourselves as a unique type of being has been progressively undermined. What can recent theories related to evolutionary theory, neurobiology and AI tell us about the experience of being human?

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2004

The Great Debate: Genes, Memes, Minds in association with the RSA Panel Discussion: 6pm, Tues 30th November 2004 The Grainger Suite, Life Conference Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Speakers: Susan Blackmore, Kenan Malik, Raymond Tallis Chair: Caspar Hewett

What can evolutionary theory tell us about the human mind?

2003

The Great Debate: Development, Sustainability and Environmentalism
A day of discussion held on Saturday 27th September, Newcastle Civic Centre

The Great Debate: Should we censor the Internet?
Discussion and debate on 26 November 2002. Convened by David O'Toole
Sponsored by Hodder and Stoughton and Well Read Bookshop
Click here for proceedings

Speakers:
Bill Thompson, columnist, Internet Magazine
Chris Evans, founder, Internet Freedom
Ruth Dixon, Internet consultant, online safety and policy.
Avedon Carol, Feminists Against Censorship, author of Nudes Prudes and Attitudes: Pornography and Censorship

Modern Theory and the Human Mind
Day school held on 26 January 2002

Introduced by Caspar Hewett and Kenan Malik
held at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle

Selected notes
Modern Theory and the Human Mind by Caspar Hewett
What Can Science Tell Us About Human Nature? by Kenan Malik

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The Great Debate - Darwinism Today
A ten week course held September - December 2001
at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle
Tutor: Caspar Hewett

The Great Debate in Action: Minds, Genes and Consciousness
Day school held on Saturday 26 May 2001
Tutors: David Large and Caspar Hewett
held at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle

Do our genes influence our conscious experiences? Do they explain them? Is the human mind something we can properly study? What can we learn about ourselves through the study of mind from the perspective of evolution? Why has it become popular to apply Neo-Darwinian principles to the philosophy of mind and consciousness? This day school will examine the issues raised by these questions through a study of evolutionary factors as applied to theories of mind. A conception of natural consciousness will be formed.

The Great Debate: Evolution, Human Nature and Autonomy
Public debate held on Thursday 22nd March 2001 at Department of Social Policy and Sociology , University of Newcastle in association with the Institute of Ideas.

Sponsored by Polity Press and Weidenfeld and Nicolson
Speakers:
Christopher Badcock, author Evolutionary Psychology: A Critical Introduction, Psychodarwinism: The New Synthesis of Darwin and Freud
Rita Carter, author Mapping the Mind
Kenan Malik, author Man, Beast and Zombie, The Meaning of Race
Sue Scott, Professor of Sociology, University of Durham
Chair:
Caspar Hewett

The opening of the twenty first century brings with it new knowledge about our genes and our brains which promises a revolution in the way we view ourselves. Alongside this knowledge is a tendency to view human nature in a deterministic way.

Some argue that only the social sciences can answer questions about human behaviour, while others argue that we are determined by our biology.

So where are the appropriate places to look if we want to understand human nature? What are the implications for our ability to act as autonomous rational individuals?

The Great Debate in Action: Sexual Selection and Questions of Human Nature
Day school held on Saturday 27th January 2001, Centre for Lifelong Learning, Newcastle
Tutors: Caspar Hewett and David Large

A hundred years ago Darwin revolutionised our understanding of the origin of species. Since then the theory of evolution by natural and sexual selection has become accepted wisdom. Earlier this century Social Darwinism was discredited, yet in recent years it has again become popular to attempt to explain society in Darwinian terms. At the same time theories abound suggesting that humanity's evolutionary history and the genes we inherit determine our behaviour. What does this convergence of natural and social theory represent? This course investigates the theory of sexual selection and its application to animal and human behaviour, focussing on the themes: determinism, choice, ethics and responsibility.

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The Great Debate - Darwinism Today
A ten week course held September - December 2000
at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle
Tutor: Caspar Hewett

Determined to Survive? The Great Debate - Freedom, Determinism and the Gene
Public debate held on Wednesday 21st June 2000 at Centre for Lifelong Learning , University of Newcastle in association with the Institute of Ideas.
Sponsored by Blackwell's
Speakers:
Christopher Badcock, author Psychodarwinism: The New Synthesis of Darwin and Freud
Helene Guldberg , Associate Lecturer in Developmental Psychology, Open University
Matt Ridley , author Genome, The Red Queen, The Origins of Virtue
Chair:
Caspar Hewett

How much influence do our genes have on our behaviour? Is human nature the same for all societies? What can we learn about ourselves through the study of evolution? What are the implications for our freedom? Why has it become popular to apply Neo-Darwinist principles to human behaviour and to society? These questions and others will be examined through a discussion of evolutionary theory and genetics and their application to human behaviour.

The Great Debate - Philosophical Approaches to Darwinism
Day school held on Saturday 20th May 2000, Centre for Lifelong Learning , University of Newcastle
Tutors: David Large and Caspar Hewett

A hundred years ago Darwin revolutionised our understanding of the origin of species. Since then the theory of evolution by natural slection has become accepted wisdom. But what does this mean? What can evolution explain and how does it do that? This day school will interrogate recent evolutionary theory and genetics and apply philosophical approaches to examine these questions.

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The Great Debate - Darwinism Today
September - December 1999 at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle
Tutor: Caspar Hewett

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What is biodiversity? Why should humanity protect endangered species? Do they have intrinsic value? What effect could species extinctions have on humanity?

The Great Debate - Darwinism Today
Revised and run once each academic year. First run September - December 1998 at Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of Newcastle
Tutor: Caspar Hewett

What is the selfish gene? What is the link between Darwinism and genetics What can the study of evolution tell us about animal behaviour? What can we learn about the origins of altruism through the study of evolution? Why are there still disagreements within evolutionary theory today? These questions and many others are examined through a study of recent evolutionary theory and genetics and their application to animal behaviour.

Since the publication of Darwin's On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 the theory of evolution by natural selection has become accepted wisdom. Yet great debates are still taking place amongst evolutionary theorists. This course looks at Darwinism and genetics and at the disagreements within evolutionary theory today. The modern application of Darwinism to animal behaviour is investigated.

The course consists of ten sessions during which the work of specific authors and their ideas are introduced. Pair work, group work and class discussion allow the students to develop arguments and gain confidence in understanding the theories.

Principal texts
The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, OUP, 1976
Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Daniel C. Dennett, Penguin, 1995
Reinventing Darwin: The Great Evolutionary Debate, Niles Eldredge, Phoenix, 1995

Risk Conciousness and the Culture of Fear
Saturday 16th May 1998, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Newcastle
One day workshop facilitated by Caspar Hewett and Jon Bryan

Are we really at risk? Why has the 1990s been characterised by one health panic after another? Why do new developments in fields such as genetic engineering engender fear and suspicion? Why has safety become the obsession of our era? What are the implications for the future? In particular, of the worls is viewed through the prism of risk, how can science and society move forwards?

Sustainability and the Promise of Factor Four
Saturday 31st January 1998, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Newcastle
Tutors: Caspar Hewett and David Hall

Is sustainable development a good thing? Twenty five years on from Limits to Growth, the new report to the Club of Rome, Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use is essential reading for anyone interested in sustainability. The book describes fifty exciting examples of new technologies which could revolutionise our use of resources, allowing us to improve living standards at the same time as decreasing our use of raw materials, fuels and minerals. However, having assumed that limited resources represent the most important challenge to humanity today, the authors go on to introduce the idea of resource productivity as the new measure of progress. What does this represent?

• Are there limited resources?
• What are the implications of constraining resource use?

Essential reading: Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use, Ernst Von Weizsaker, Amory B Lovins, L Hunter Lovins, Earthscan 1997

The Great Debate - Evolution and Human Nature
January - March 1998, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Newcastle
Tutors: Caspar Hewett and David Hall

A hundred years ago Darwin revolutionised our understanding of the origin of species. Since then the theory of evolution by natural selection has become accepted wisdom. Yet great debates are still taking place amongst evolutionary theorists. Why is it then that prominent writers such as Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould fail to agree?

Earlier this century Social Darwinism was discredited, yet in recent years it has again become popular to explain society in Darwinian terms. At the same time theories abound suggesting that humanity's evolutionary history and the genes we inherit determine our behaviour. What does this convergence of natural and social theory represent?

This course will look at Darwinism and genetics and at the disagreements within evolutionary theory today. The modern application of Darwinism to society and to human behaviour will be investigated and reasons sought for the renewed popularity of this approach. The course will consist of ten sessions during which the work of specific authors and their ideas will be introduced. Pair work, group work and class discussion will allow the students to develop arguments and gain confidence in understanding the theories and the context in which they have become prevalent.

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